vue nextTick的原理

2022-02-09

nextTick是 vue 的一个全局 API，作用是在下次 DOM 更新循环结束之后执行延迟回调。在修改数据之后立即使用这个方法，获取更新后的 DOM。

Vue 在更新 DOM 时是异步执行的。只要侦听到数据变化，Vue 将开启一个队列，并缓冲在同一事件循环中发生的所有数据变更。如果同一个 watcher 被多次触发，只会被推入到队列中一次。这种在缓冲时去除重复数据对于避免不必要的计算和 DOM 操作是非常重要的。然后，在下一个的事件循环“tick”中，Vue 刷新队列并执行实际 (已去重的) 工作。Vue 在内部对异步队列尝试使用原生的 Promise.then、MutationObserver 和 setImmediate，如果执行环境不支持，则会采用 setTimeout(fn, 0) 代替。

const callbacks = [];
let pending = false;

function flushCallbacks() {
  pending = false;
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0);
  callbacks.length = 0;
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]();
  }
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc;

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== "undefined" && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve();
  timerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks);
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop);
  };
  isUsingMicroTask = true;
} else if (
  !isIE &&
  typeof MutationObserver !== "undefined" &&
  (isNative(MutationObserver) ||
    // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
    MutationObserver.toString() === "[object MutationObserverConstructor]")
) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  // (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
  let counter = 1;
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks);
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter));
  observer.observe(textNode, {
    characterData: true,
  });
  timerFunc = () => {
    counter = (counter + 1) % 2;
    textNode.data = String(counter);
  };
  isUsingMicroTask = true;
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== "undefined" && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Technically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks);
  };
} else {
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0);
  };
}

例如，当你设置 vm.someData = ’new value’，该组件不会立即重新渲染。当刷新队列时，组件会在下一个事件循环“tick”中更新。为了在数据变化之后等待 Vue 完成更新 DOM，可以在数据变化之后立即使用 Vue.nextTick(callback),这样回调函数将在 DOM 更新完成后被调用。

使用方法

// 修改数据
vm.msg = "Hello";
// DOM 还没有更新
Vue.nextTick(function () {
  // DOM 更新了
});

// 因为 $nextTick() 返回一个 Promise 对象所以下面这种和上面是等效的
vm.msg = "Hello";
// DOM 还没有更新
await Vue.nextTick();
// DOM 更新了

Vue.js 中的 nextTick 函数，会传入一个 cb ，这个 cb 会被存储到一个队列中，在下一个 tick 时触发队列中的所有 cb 事件

nextTick 方法

export function nextTick(cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve;
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx);
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, "nextTick");
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx);
    }
  });
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true;
    timerFunc();
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== "undefined") {
    return new Promise((resolve) => {
      _resolve = resolve;
    });
  }
}

node 中的 nextTick

node.js 中也存在一个 nextTick 接口，它是都将在当前操作完成后处理 nextTickQueue，而不管事件循环的当前阶段如何，任何时候在给定的阶段中调用 process.nextTick()，所有传递到 process.nextTick() 的回调将在事件循环继续之前解析

console.log("start");
process.nextTick(() => {
  console.log("nextTick callback");
});
console.log("scheduled");
// Output:
// start
// scheduled
// nextTick callback